In recent weeks, actors, writers, academics and scientists have expressed concern over growing intolerance in India.
A movement that began with writers
returning state awards has spread to scientists, historians and filmmakers.
Some 200 academics teaching in India and abroad have issued a joint statement against rising "intolerance and bigotry. Even Bollywood stars like Shah Rukh
Khan and Aamir Khan have spoken on the issue. Opposition politicians have
demanded a parliamentary debate on intolerance in the ongoing winter session. They have cited the killing of
rationalists MM Kalburgi and Govind Pansare, as well as the lynching of a man
over suspicions he consumed beef, as examples of rising intolerance in the country. However, many insist that India has
suddenly not become intolerant under the Narendra Modi-led BJP government.Books and films have been banned for as long as we can remember. Writers and artists have been hounded and threatened by
political parties and groups across the country. And as commentator Mukul Kesavan
says, the main opposition Congress party does not exactly have a stellar record in
defending liberal values.
So is India seeing a new form of
intolerance driven by majoritarian politics? Or, as analyst TN Ninan says, some
of the intolerance is related to the "social churn linked to modernisation"
of a complex nation? Sanjay Subrahmanyam, who teaches in the US and France, is one of India's most
distinguished and provocative historians and biographers. I spoke to him on
whether he thought India had become intolerant under Mr Modi's watch.
Intolerance in India is not a new
thing. So why are we suddenly so outraged and worried about what has been
happening after the BJP government came to power last year?
I have not been in India for almost
a year. So my impressions come from a distance.
However, it seems that the concerns
stem from the fact that the BJP has such a massive majority in parliament,
which may seem an occasion for them to impose their agenda in a way they could
not in the period 1998-2004 [when the party was previously in power].
People would be less concerned if
this was a coalition government.Image copyright UCLA Image caption
Sanjay Subrahmanyam is one of India's most distinguished historians Further, the current federal
government speaks consistently with (at least) two voices. One is more reasonable, reassuring
and tolerant; the other more strident and aggressive.This ingrained, almost structural,
duplicity is being constantly refined as a strategy of "good cop, bad
cop". It would seem natural to worry that this will become a pattern for
the five years of this government.
Do you believe India has actually
become more intolerant? Isn't it the case that Congress and many other non-BJP
state governments don't have a leg to stand on, insofar as liberal values are
concerned?
It is not a question of
"India", but of the upper echelons of the political class and their
attitudes.
It is true that "liberal
values" have always been fragile in independent India. The BJP is not
alone in the matter of attacking them. Few parties actually incarnate any real
political liberalism.
But should that make the BJP immune
to criticism?
Image copyright AFP Image caption Mr
Modi says he is committed to 'work for the welfare of people of all sections
and religion'
If I am being robbed by two
pickpockets, is that any consolation? If the only criticism of the current
political climate was politically motivated, and came from political parties
with a murky past of their own (like the Congress), it would not be so much of
an issue.
But it comes from many members of
civil society who feel threatened, and when they protest in a non-violent way,
they are told brutally to leave the country and go elsewhere. That is the crude
language of majoritarianism. It is being felt in many institutions. My friends
in the universities are also feeling it more and more.
So how different is that intolerance
with this one under the BJP regime? Are we panicking too much?
There are certainly reasons for
concern when a certain type of intimidation and bullying becomes a part of the
normal language of public discourse.The BJP is not the only group to do
this, but they are the ones with the power in many parts of India.If I lived in Pakistan, my concern
would be with the Salafis; if I lived in France, it would be with the Front
National, who also use a majoritarian language to say "either become
French on my terms, or face the consequences".This needs to be protested, just as the
1975 Emergency
needed to be resisted, or Nandigram [killings] needed to be protested. Why should we make an exception for
the BJP's bullying?
How tolerant has India been as a
civilisation?
As a historical space, India has
been no more or less virtuous than any other part of the world.Why do we also need to claim that we
are better than everybody else? It is precisely because we are not, that we
need to examine our own present as well as our past with a critical eye.The student of Indian history finds
no lack of violence of all sorts in the Indian past, whether based on religion,
caste, colour, xenophobia, or political jockeying.Image copyright AP Image caption
"As a historical space, India has been no more or less virtuous than any
other part of the world."There was never a "golden
age" in India, despite what all stripes of myth-makers like to claim. Yes, there were moments and spaces
of toleration, or cosmopolitan coexistence. But these were actually interesting
exceptions, not the rule.
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